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تكنوضاد علوم الحياة

الجينوم | GENOME

ما هو الجينوم؟

هو المجموعة الكاملة من المعلومات الوراثية للكائن الحي، ويضم كافة التعليمات اللازمة لبناء ذلك الكائن والسماح له بالنمو والتطور والتكاثر. يتألف الجينوم من الصبغيات التي تحتوي على جميع الجينات أو المورثات التي تعبر بدورها عن كافة صفات الكائن الحي. وتتكون تلك المورثات من جزيئات كيميائية تعرف باسم الحمض النووي الريبوزي منقوص الأوكسجين (DNA). تمت صياغة مصطلح الجينوم عام 1920 من قبل هانس فينكلر أستاذ علم النباتات في جامعة هامبورغ الألمانية.

تمت دراسة كامل الجينات في البشر بين عامي 1990 و2003 ضمن مشروع عالمي يُعرف باسم مشروع الجينوم البشري. وتوصل هذا المشروع إلى أن الجينوم البشري يتألف من 20,500 مورثة، تتكون من حوالي 3.2 مليار حرف من الحمض النووي الريبوزي منقوص الأوكسجين. كما ساهم في التعرف على أكثر من 1,800 مورثة مسببة للأمراض.

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